Laterite, soil layer that is rich in iron oxide and derived from a wide variety of rocks weathering under strongly oxidizing and leaching conditions. Laterite soil samples classified as a261, a65 and a612 by grouping according to aashto that are considered not suitable. On the uplands, the red soils are poor, gravelly, and porous. Use of laterite as a sustainable building material in developing countries. Review of specifications for the use of laterite in road. Characteristics of red soils the texture of these soils can vary from sand to clay, the majority being loams. As a consequence some of the lateritic horizons at millstream. However, little is known of their geotechnical properties and. It was excavated from the soil and cut in form of large blocks. Analysis of pullout resistance of soil nailing in lateritic soil b,l.
The research investigated the classification and compaction characteristics of lateritic soils of warri, the economic nerve center of delta state, nigeria. Geotechnical investigation is one of the effective means of detecting and solving pre, syn and post constructional problems. Chapter 5 location, morphology and composition of laterite soils. The crop thrives in a variety of soils fertile forest soil rich in organic matter, laterite soils with high organic matter content and waterholding capacity, limestone soil and well drained fertile black cotton soil. Engineering impact of lateritic soils underlying some failed roads and highways in akure. The thermal characteristics of laterite mud samples and concreteblock samples were investigated using a lees apparatus with a view to find which of the two samples would be a better heat insulator for the purpose of constructing selfcooling houses. Soil is one of the significant natural resources, like air and water. The compressed earth blocks often referred to simply as ceb, is a type of manufactured construction material formed by the compression of the soil in a mould with the help of a manual or motorized.
Degraded lateritic soils cape and land uses in birbhum. Characteristics study of stabilized and compressed laterite. Jan 23, 2016 red soils red soils along with its minor groups form the largest soil group of india. Laterite soil laterite has been derived from the latin word later which means brick. Some laterite and lateritic soil base specifications in comparison with the. Abstract india is the second largest producer of the brick in the world after china.
Independent report on the nickel laterite resource agata north, philippines 20 1 executive summary this ni laterite resource report was prepared at the request of yulo perez, manager of tvi resource development phils inc. In this thesis, the terms laterite and lateritic soils will be used. Thirty lateritic soils samples were collected at six major zone within the metropolis of adoekiti. Characteristics study of stabilized and compressed laterite soil bricks clay has been used as a building material from the beginning of humankind. These soils formed in a tropical environment of fluctuating water tables, severe leaching and translocation of iron oxides over many millions of years. Some properties of a sedimentary laterite soil as engineering. Laterite is foremostly a type of earthy soil, but it hardens into solid rock in air and is therefore suitable as a construction material. The major elements geochemistry and compaction characteristics of lateritic soils in azagba ogwashi area, located in the anambra were investigated. Laterite is a layer of soil that contains aluminum and iron oxide minerals like hematite and goethite this type of soil is found in tropical regions, and its uses include as building material and. Engineering behavior and classification of lateritic soils. Lateritic soils article about lateritic soils by the free. Solis of goa earth needs to be nurtured with mothers care because earth gives everything for sustaining life the main types of soils found in the state of goa are coastal alluvial soil, mixed red and black soil, laterite soil and red sandy soil, which are subdivided into 32 soil series. Laterite soil laterite soil is one of the residual soils.
In this thesis, the terms laterite and lateritic soils. Vermicomposting converts fly ash to enrich soil fertility and sustain crop growth in red and lateritic soils. How ever, not all laterite soils belong to this group. The image is available for download in high resolution quality up to 5447x3631. Recent concepts on the origin of indian laterite pdf report. Current specifications are not traffic or materialtype related, i. Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. It is most commonly found in hot and wet tropical areas. The study expressed an increase in bulk densities thus on the process where. Some geotechnical properties of two laterite soils compacted. Laterite and lateritic soils in sierra leone the journal. Made of laterite soil, sand and heat, these bricks have been made this way in chad for centuries.
The geotechnical properties of lateritic soils and their suitability for road construction have been evaluated for selected sites in minna, northcentral nigeria. A model study on accelerated consolidation of coir. The laterites are typically formed in tropical clim. The main parent rocks are crystalline and metamorphic rocks like acid granites, gneisses and quartzites. Sourcesof the confusion surrounding the word laterite can be identified in terms of two. Inherently poor physical and chemical status of existing lateritic soil profile and radical conversion of land uses as observed at cadastral level are the key factors of land degradation. Laterite soil is quite stronger than shedi soil due to the higher content of oxides of iron, while shedi soils are characterized by low bearing strengths under moist conditions. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock. Laterite has been known as a variably cemented sesquioxiderich soil, a surficial or near surface reddish soil, and also by an assortment of mineralogical definitions helgren and butzer, 1977. Pdf engineering properties of lateritic soils around dall. These are the result of intense leaching due to tropical rains. Soil type laterite soil lateritic soil nonlateritic soil si02al203 1. It forms in tropical and subtropical regions where the climate is humid.
Classification and compaction characteristics of lateritic soils of warri, delta state, nigeria avwenagha e. According to lohnes and demirel 37, such soils can be referred to as lateritic soils. Different types of laterite occur extensively in the central interior zone of the country. It is widely used to produce earth blocks, but stabilization is essential for the lateritic soil block to enhance its properties. Dec 11, 2017 laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium, and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. They include the desert soils of western rajasthan and mountain soils of the himalayas. If this limestone is the immediate source of the lateritic soil, a large volume of limestone was weathered to yield the known deposits. Nature and properties of lateritic soils derived from. That is, they typically form through slow chemical weathering, which means it can take millions of years to produce even one metre of soil. There are various physical properties of laterite like hardness, grain size, fracture, streak, porosity, luster, strength etc which defines it. Strength and permeability characteristics of selected laterite stabilized using powermax cement.
These processes must involve both fersiallitic and ferrallitization. Chemical stabilization of laterite soils for road construction. After a brief introductory discussion on the suitability of various classification systems of lateritic soils for engineering purposes, some geotechnical properties of nigerian laterites are summarized. Dictionary, encyclopedia and thesaurus the free dictionary 12,3,582,582 visitors served. A common claim by longagers is that lateritic soils red, subtropical soils high in iron andor aluminium are highly weathered. Laterite is a highly weathered material, rich in secondary oxides of iron, aluminum, or both.
The writer is indebted to the assistant director of agriculture research. Gidigasu, building and road research institute, kumasi, ghana some laterite materials are known to be either inferior pavement aggre gates or troublesome highway and earth dam construction materials. Although they are of poor fertility but respond favourably to manuring. A red residual soil formed by the leaching of silica and by the enrichment with aluminum and iron oxides, especially in humid climates.
The brick production in india is estimated at 140 billion bricks, consuming 24 million. Classification and compaction characteristics of lateritic. Laterite soils lack fertility due to intensive leaching. Laterite soils are habitually poor and can hold only scrub forests and pastures. Jan 27, 2018 laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium, and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. The dam is founded on lateritic soil, which is a common weathering profile throughout the region. Engineering properties of lateritic soils in adoekiti.
Laterite soils are formed in hot, wet tropical regions with an annual rainfall between 750mm to 300mm. Mineralogically, the soil contains virtually nothing undesirable while its basic geotechnical properties are those. Lateritic soils in environmental management in nigeria. Calcareous, neutral and acid red soils, red lateritic soils. Lateritic soils are formed in the tropics through weathering processes that favour the formation of iron, aluminium and may contain a large amount of quartz and. Among the mixed types of soils, two groups are more substantial. However, light, porous and well drained soil rich in organic content is most suitable for its cultivation. Soil samples were collected from eight locations and subjected to geotechnical. Developments in geotechnical engineering laterite soil. Investigation of geotechnical properties of lateritic soil.
Soil nailing is an effective slope stabilizing technique, widely used in congested areas. A sedimentary laterite soil is examined for its suitability as a construction material by the consideration of its mineralogy and basic geotechnical properties as well as its consolidation and permeability in the compacted state. This paper advocates the use of local laterite a soil type rich in iron and alumina formed. Engineering behavior and classification of lateritic soils in. Laterite soils are formed due to the weathering process of igneous or metamorphic rock over millions of years. These values have been listed separately for soils orginating from the same kind of parent rock material. Nearly all laterites are of rustyred coloration, because of. Laterite soil engineering is one of a few books about solving engineering problems with the help of engineering pedology. Laterite soil is extremely rich in iron and aluminium. Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium, and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. The granite gneiss derived laterite soil was taken from a roadcut along the driveway of the geology department of the obafemi awolowo university, ileife while the amphibolite derived laterite soil was taken from a roadcut along the ifewaraife road fig. It is the result of the chemical weathering of the soils over millions of years.
Engineering evaluation of lateritic soils of failed highway sections in southwestern nigeria. Laterite soil is primarily found in the tropical regions which receive heavy seasonal rainfall. Important properties of clay content of lateritic soils. Pdf collapse potential of laterite soils editorijee. Engineering properties of lateritic soils around dall quarry in sango area, ilorin, nigeria.
This paper advocates the use of local lateritea soil type rich in iron and alumina formed under hot and wet tropical conditionsdue to its cost effectiveness and energy efficiency than that of conventional modern materials in tropical developing countries. Other sources than the eocene limestone, however, may have been available. When manured and irrigated, some laterites are suitable for growing plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona, coconut, arecanut, etc. Vermicomposting by eisenia fetida is a sustainable and ecofriendly technology for better nutrient recovery and organic waste management in upland areas of china. This paper advocates the use of local lateritea soil type rich in iron and alumina formed. Laterite and lateritic soils the term laterite was originally used by buchanan 1807 for the highly ferruginous, vesicular and unstratified material observed in the malabar hills of south india. Previous researcher 6 stated the term laterization describes the processes that produce laterite soils. Pdf use of laterite as a sustainable building material in. Mtech in structural engineering, srinivas school of engineering, mukka, manglore, india. The project was carried out under the aegis of the africa community access programme afcap a dfidfunded research programme that promotes safe and sustainable access for rural. Songca4 1 department of earth sciences, faculty of science, olabisi onabanjo university, agoiwoye, nigeria 2 department of geology, faculty of science, university of ibadan, ibadan, nigeria. Soil type laterite soil lateritic soil non lateritic soil si02al203 1.
New delhi 110 o01 and printed at baba barkha nath printers, 267 najafgarh road. Physical properties of rocks are used to identify the type of rocks and to discover more about them. However, laterite soil produced concrete that compares in strength with a normal concrete. The production and testing of lateritic interlocking blocks were examined. Hence, there are no available data on the geotechnical and engineering properties of lateritic soil in the study area, therefore, the aim of this investigation is to obtain geotechnical characteristicsof lateritic soil in the study area to assess it. Assessment of the geotechnical properties of lateritic soils. It also showed that laterite soil can enhance some properties of concrete depending on the nature of the laterite and also blended material. Production and testing of lateritic interlocking blocks akeem ayinde raheem, olugbenro olusanjo falola and kehinde joseph adeyeye1. Laterite soils which are widespread in tropical areas of india possess unique color and it normally contains high clay content along with inert particles such as silt and sand 1.
Important properties of clay content of lateritic soils for engineering project n. Pdf viability of lateritic soil as alkaline activated precursor. Department of civil and environmental engineering, university of lagos, lagos, nigeria. Geochemistry and geotechnical analysis of lateritic soils. It is the topmost layer of the earths crust and is a mixture of finely powdered rocks, organic matter, liquids, myriad. Laterite may occur as surface deposits of unhardened clayey soils, gravels and as hard span 5. Pdf effect of sand on the plasticity of laterite researchgate.
Laterite soil is formed of intensive and longlasting weathering of the underlying parent rock. With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soils rich in iron oxide and aluminium compound are left behind. Lateritic soil definition of lateritic soil by the free. Lateritic soil synonyms, lateritic soil pronunciation, lateritic soil translation, english dictionary definition of lateritic soil. Soil compaction soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. In soil taxonomy soil survey staff, 2014, much of the materials that have been called laterite are included in categories of soils with plinthite, which is a diagnostic soil characteristic that refers to the ironrich and humuspoor parts of a layer or horizon, which irreversibly harden to ironstone on exposure to repeated wetting and drying.
Lateritic soils usually develop in tropical and other regions with similar hot and humid climate, where heavy rainfall, warm temperature and well drainage lead to the formation. Developments in geotechnical engineering, pedogenesis and engineering principles gidigasu, m. Attempts have been made to stabilize laterite soils for engineering purposes eg. The study was to determine the effect of bulk density at every condition of soil use in the study location. It is the sixth mineral resource estimate completed over. Physiographic implications of laterite in west malaysia geological. The findings show particle distribution of laterite soils found throughout. A map of lateritebearing soil associations is presented which illustrates the widespread but fragmentary location of laterite in the lowland areas of malaya and the tendency for it to be. Strength and permeability characteristics of selected. In construction, this is a significant part of the building process. Lateritic bauxite is a weathering product of aluminous silicate rocks granite and similar. Bs 77 1990 method of testing soil for civil engineering proposed british standard institute bsi london england bs 1924 1990 method of test for. There is a wide diversity of opinion concerning nomenclature, testing procedures and acceptance criteria, as well as great variation in engineering behaviour.
The soil profiles and the sampling horizons are shown in figs. Department of earth sciences, adekunle ajasin university, akungba akoko, nigeria. Pdf use of laterite as a sustainable building material. What are the advantages of laterite blocks answers. Engineering evaluation of lateritic soils of failed. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition of lateritic soils in order to use these soils as potential commercial products for industrial application in the future. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or.
The department not only provides scientific database on the soil and land resources of the state for developing suitable soil and land management practices but also implements a variety of projects aimed at conserving and managing. Lateritic soils that overburden mohammad buhari estate in abeokuta area of ogun state, nigeria is in great use for road construction. Photo laterite soil texture can be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royaltyfree license. This book presents the latest information on the laterite soils geotechnical characteristics and engineering behavior. In preparing a world map of laterite soils it has been necessary to. Production and testing of lateritic interlocking blocks. Lateritic soil almost lacks fertility and is generally not suitable for agriculture. Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil as subgrade and base material for road construction in abeokuta, southwest nigeria. Therefore, in order to better understand the detailed information of lateritic soils, the main objectives of this study were to investigate the properties of lateritic soils derived from different parent materials, including shale stone, basalt, diluvium, and andesite, and to provide basic information about lateritic soils for agricultural. Experience has shown that lime works well with medium, moderately fine, and finegrained clay soils. Nearly all laterites are of rustyred coloration, because of high iron oxide content. Book chapter full text access chapter 6 significant geotechnical implications of the genesis if laterite soil pages 153169 download pdf. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. Five lateritic soils derived from various parent materials in taiwan, including andesite, diluvium, shale stone, basalt, and pleistocene deposit, were collected from the.
Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have. The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall. Degradation of lateritic environment as found in the south western and eastern birbhum district can be considered as irresistible. Laterite in road pavements, the report on tropical residual soils published by the geological society for distribution by the overseas. Laterite is well known in asian countries as a building material for more than years. This is followed by a description of the role that lateritic soils play in. Laterite definition of laterite by the free dictionary. Tropical ironrich laterite, as well as some lateritic soils, usually have a specific gravity of between 2. Evaluation of bulk density in organic and lateritic soil formation influenced by variation of saturation and porosity in deltaic environment has been assessed. Assessment of the geotechnical properties of lateritic. Both volumes i and ii were prepared by the firm of lyon associates, inc.
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